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herd immunity
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Three line graphs display the dramatic decline in reported cases of diphtheria, polio, and measles in the United States from 1920 to 2019, each showing a sharp drop after the introduction of their respective vaccines. Diphtheria cases fell after 1921, polio after 1955, and measles after 1963, illustrating the impact of mass vaccination programs. An inset highlights an increase in measles cases after 2010. Vaccines by the numbers A nurse administers a vaccine to a young girl in a crowded clinic, while other women and children wait in line behind her in Nagaon, Assam, India. Vaccine timeline
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Historical mass vaccination programs in the United States
In the United States, mass vaccination programs carried out against diphtheria, polio,...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Immunization
A girl receives a vaccine against Japanese encephalitis as others wait in line during...
© Pacific Press—LightRocket/Getty Images

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Vaccines by the numbers
Interactive chart displaying lives saved or birth rate increase from vaccines.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Vaccine timeline
An interactive timeline on the development of vaccines.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. / Lucia Barnum
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