head wave

seismology

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June 29, 2026

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In seismology, a head wave is a type of seismic wave that travels through rock layers at higher velocities. These waves are interpreted in seismic refraction methods, which analyze the travel times of seismic waves from a source to detectors. By plotting travel time against distance, geophysicists can determine the number, thickness, and velocities of rock layers. This technique assumes layers are homogeneous, boundaries are planar, and each successive layer has a higher velocity than the one above. Head waves are crucial for understanding subsurface structures, including those that might trap oil or concentrate minerals. Seismic waves, including head waves, are vibrations generated by sources like earthquakes or explosions and are used in geophysical mapping and seismic surveys for oil and gas prospecting.12

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Earth exploration
Seismic refraction methods
Such waves are called head waves, and the refraction method involves their interpretation. From a plot of travel time as a function of source–Geophone distance, the number, thicknesses, and velocities of rock layers present can be determined for simple situations. The assumptions usually made are that (1) each layer…
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Such waves are called head waves, and the refraction method involves their interpretation. From a plot of travel time as a function of source–Geophone distance, the number, thicknesses, and velocities of rock layers present can be determined for simple situations. The assumptions usually made are that (1) each layer…
Read More