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germination
References & Edit History Related Topics
Images & Videos
cotyledons and germination water dispersal Illustration showing the stages of bean seed (Phaseolus vulgaris) germination, from seed to sprout to young plant with roots and leaves emerging above the soil.
Watch cress seeds absorb water to catalyze the metabolic activity involved in germination
Behold the germination of three pea seeds and observe how root growth is determined by gravity
Study the epigeal germination of a dwarf French bean over two weeks
Observe the hypogeal germination of runner beans over three weeks
Observe the germination and growth of oat
Observe the underground germination of sweet corn
Observe the underground sequence of the germination, growth, and appearance of leaves in wheat
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germination summary
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germination: References & Edit History

Article Contributors

Primary Contributors

  • John Heslop-Harrison
    Royal Society Research Professor, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, University of Wales, 1977–85. Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, 1971–77. Author of numerous papers on development in plants.
  • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
    Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.

Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors

Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Modified link of Web site: Biology LibreTexts - Germination. Sep 19, 2026
Add new Web site: Iowa State University Extension and Outreach - Yard and Garden - Germination Requirements for Annuals and Vegetables. Aug 29, 2025
Add new Web site: Frontiers - Frontiers in Plant Science - Editorial: Molecular basis of seed germination and dormancy. Feb 12, 2025
Add new Web site: Frontiers - Frontiers in Plant Science - Editorial: Molecular basis of seed germination and dormancy. Feb 11, 2025
Add new Web site: Nature - Heredity - Seed germination and vigor: ensuring crop sustainability in a changing climate. Nov 18, 2024
Add new Web site: Cell Press - Current Biology - Seed dormancy and germination. Sep 10, 2024
Add new Web site: University of Minnesota Libraries - The Science of Plants - Introduction to Seed Germination. Nov 15, 2023
Add new Web site: Australian Academy of Science - Some seeds have very peculiar requirements for germinating into plants. Aug 08, 2023
Add new Web site: Oregon State University - Forage Information System - Germination and Seedling Emergence. Jun 28, 2023
Add new Web site: Biology LibreTexts - Germination. Aug 29, 2022
Removed media. Sep 22, 2021
Media added. Dec 21, 2018
Article thoroughly revised. Dec 21, 2018
Add new Web site: National Centre for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Seed germination and vigor: ensuring crop sustainability in a changing climate. Apr 07, 2018
Add new Web site: Aggie Horticulture - Seed Germination. Oct 18, 2016
Add new Web site: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew - Checking Germination. Oct 18, 2016
Media added. Jul 02, 2015
Add new Web site: Right Plants 4 Me - Germination. Dec 23, 2014
Add new Web site: Right Plants 4 Me - Germination. Dec 23, 2014
Added diagram of germination stages of a bean seed. Jan 27, 2011
Added new Web site: Gardening in Western Washington - Seed Germination. Oct 14, 2008
Added new Web site: University of Florida - Palm Seed Germination. Oct 14, 2008
Added new Web site: The Open Door Web Site - Seed Germination. Oct 14, 2008
Added new Web site: Kimball's Biology Pages - Germination of Seeds. Oct 14, 2008
Added new Web site: Plant Physiology Information Website - Seed Germination. Oct 14, 2008
Added new Web site: ThinkQuest - Germination. Aug 09, 2006
Article added to new online database. May 03, 1999
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