geothermal energy: References & Edit History
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Additional Reading
Introductory treatments of geothermal energy include Donal Blaise Lloyd, The Smart Guide to Geothermal: How to Harvest Earth’s Free Energy for Heating and Cooling (2011); and William E. Glassley, Geothermal Energy: Renewable Energy and the Environment (2010). Direct uses of geothermal energy are considered in John W. Lund, Lectures on Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy (1996); and John W. Lund, Derek H. Freeston, and Tonya L. Boyd, Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy 2010: Worldwide Review, Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress (2010). The development of geothermal resources in Larderello, Italy, is discussed in Richard Plunz (ed.), Geothermal Larderello: Tuscany, Italy (2005).
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
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John W. Lund
Emeritus Professor of Civil Engineering and Emeritus Director of the Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology, Klamath Falls, Oregon. Private consultant in geothermal engineering and civil engineering.
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
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Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modified link of Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Deep geothermal energy extraction can potentially reduce temperature and discharge at hot springs. | Sep 25, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: Mavs Open Press - Power Solutions for Large Loads: Mastering Electrical Supply for New Industrial Facilities - Geothermal. | Jul 17, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: PNAS - Next-gen geothermal could bring clean power to much more of the planet. | Mar 13, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Deep geothermal energy extraction can potentially reduce temperature and discharge at hot springs. | Jan 30, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: Nature - Communications Earth and Environment - Geothermal energy as a means to decarbonize the energy mix of megacities. | May 09, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Cell Press - Heliyon - Trends and prospects of geothermal energy as an alternative source of power: A comprehensive review. | Mar 13, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Wisconsin Stevens Point - Geothermal. | Jan 29, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Stanford University - Understand Energy Learning Hub - Geothermal Energy. | Nov 22, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Stanford University - Understand Energy Learning Hub - Geothermal Energy. | Nov 22, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Union of Concerned Scientists - How Geothermal Energy Works. | Oct 11, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Michigan - Center for Sustainable Systems - Geothermal Energy Factsheet. | Aug 31, 2024 | ||
| Added a list of types of renewable energy. | Apr 22, 2024 | ||
| Article thoroughly revised. | Apr 10, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: International Renewable Energy Agency - Geothermal. | Nov 27, 2023 | ||
| Link added. | Aug 18, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Colorado Boulder - What is Geothermal Energy? | May 27, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Energy.gov - Geothermal Basics. | Jan 25, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Geographic - Geothermal Energy. | Dec 19, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: Energy Education - Geothermal energy. | Aug 01, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: Biology LibreTexts - Geothermal Energy. | Aug 01, 2022 | ||
| Updated production statistics and added cross-references throughout. | Apr 30, 2018 | ||
| Add new Web site: United States Environmental Protection Agency - A Student's Guide to Global Climate Change - Geothermal Energy. | Mar 30, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Geographic Society - Encyclopedic Entry - Geothermal Energy. | Mar 30, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Science Kids - Fun Science and Technology for Kids! - Geothermal Energy Facts. | Mar 30, 2017 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Apr 20, 2015 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Oct 28, 2014 | ||
| Three diagrams depicting the distribution of geothermal energy resources in the United States, the residential heat pump, and a listing of geothermal energy uses by water-temperature range added. | Jun 19, 2012 | ||
| New bibliography added. | Dec 27, 2011 | ||
| Article thoroughly revised. | Dec 27, 2011 | ||
| Media added. | Dec 17, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: U.S. Energy Information Administration - Geothermal explained. | May 08, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Idaho National Laboratory - Geothermal Energy. | Sep 25, 2006 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 20, 1998 |
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