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In physics, the fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform. It is the simplest tone, consisting of only one frequency, and forms the basis for more complex sounds. When a sound is composed of multiple frequencies, the fundamental frequency is the lowest among them. Other frequencies present, called overtones, are typically whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency, referred to as harmonics. This concept is crucial in understanding musical instruments, where the fundamental frequency and its harmonics contribute to the overall tone of the sound produced. Frequency itself is measured in hertz, representing cycles or vibrations per second.123

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