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eye disease
References & Edit History Related Topics
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LASIK Diplopia Diagram showing the layered structure of the human retina, with labeled optic nerve fibers, ganglion cells, bipolar neurons, rod cells, cone cells, and pigmented epithelium at the base. Side-by-side medical illustrations of an eye show retinal detachment on the left, with a retinal break and detached retina labeled, and a scleral buckle procedure on the right, where a band encircles the eye to repair the detachment. Key eye structures such as the sclera, choroid, retina, and eye muscles are labeled in both diagrams. Papilledema Diagram showing how visual information from an object enters the left and right eyes, travels along the optic nerves, crosses at the optic chiasma, and reaches the occipital lobes in the brain for image processing.
A close up image of a colorful bug with large eyes.
Side-by-side diagrams compare a nearsighted eye, where light focuses in front of the retina, with a normal eye, where light focuses on the retina. Both eyes are labeled with cornea, lens, retina, and sclera. Side-by-side diagram comparing a farsighted (hyperopic) eye and a normal eye, showing how light focuses behind the retina in hyperopia and directly on the retina in a normal eye, with labeled parts including lens, cornea, sclera, and retina. Side-by-side medical diagrams compare an eye with astigmatism to a normal eye, showing how light rays focus at multiple points in the astigmatic eye and at a single point in the normal eye. Key parts labeled include lens, cornea, retina, and sclera.
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eye disease: References & Edit History

Additional Reading

Gary H. Cassel, Michael D. Billig, and Harry G. Randall, The Eye Book: A Complete Guide to Eye Disorders and Health (1998); Daniel M. Albert and Frederick A. Jakobiec (eds.), Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology, 2nd ed., 6 vol. (2000); Daniel M. Albert and Diane D. Edwards, The History of Ophthalmology (1996).

David M. Gamm

Article Contributors

Primary Contributors

  • Daniel M. Albert
    Professor of Ophthalmology, University of Wisconsin at Madison. Professor of Ophthalmology, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.
  • David M. Gamm
    Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences at the University of Wisconsin Eye Research Institute, Waisman Center.
  • Edward S. Perkins

Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors

Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Introductory paragraph revised. Apr 28, 2025
Links added. Oct 12, 2023
Removed media. Mar 21, 2022
Replaced photograph. Feb 09, 2018
Modified title of Web site: The Nemours Foundation - For Teens - Visual Impairment. Jan 22, 2018
Media added. Mar 24, 2017
Added video. Jan 26, 2016
Add new Web site: Buzzle.com - Eye Problem. Feb 19, 2014
Added new Web site: Mayo Clinic - Osteoporosis. May 20, 2009
Added new Web site: Mayo Clinic - Osteoporosis. May 20, 2009
Media added. Aug 04, 2008
Added new Web site: The Nemours Foundation - For Teens - Visual Impairment. May 14, 2008
Bibliography revised and updated. Nov 01, 2007
Article revised and updated. Nov 01, 2007
Added new Web site: Retina Foundation of the Southwest. Oct 03, 2006
Article revised. Sep 25, 2000
Article added to new online database. Sep 16, 1998
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