essential nutrient

A nutrient is a substance an organism needs from its environment for growth and life. Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from food. Nonessential nutrients can be made internally if absent from the diet.1

The six classes of essential nutrients are carbohydrates, lipids (fats and oils), proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are macronutrients that provide energy and building materials. Vitamins and minerals are micronutrients that facilitate metabolic processes but do not provide energy themselves. Water is crucial as the medium for all metabolic reactions.23

Minerals are inorganic elements vital for growth. Some, like calcium and phosphorus, are needed in larger amounts, while others, like iron and zinc, are trace elements required in smaller quantities. Deficiencies in essential nutrients can lead to various health problems, collectively known as malnutrition.345