essential hypertension

Essential hypertension, also known as primary or idiopathic hypertension, is a condition where blood pressure is abnormally high without an identifiable underlying cause, affecting 90-95% of patients with high blood pressure. This condition arises when smaller blood vessels narrow, forcing the heart to work harder and potentially leading to heart enlargement and failure, as well as damage to blood vessels in the kidneys, brain, and eyes.1

Blood pressure is measured by two numbers: systolic (when the heart contracts) and diastolic (when the heart relaxes). A diagnosis of hypertension is made when blood pressure reaches or exceeds 140/90 mmHg. While genetic factors play a significant role in essential hypertension, other contributing factors include age, race, smoking, alcohol intake, high cholesterol, salt intake, obesity, and stress. Hypertension is often called the "silent killer" because it typically has no symptoms, making regular blood pressure checks crucial for those with risk factors.1

Complications of hypertension can include heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Treatment involves lifestyle changes such as stress relief, dietary management (low salt, low fat), regular exercise, weight reduction, smoking cessation, and reduced alcohol/caffeine intake. Medications like diuretics, beta-blockers, vasodilators, and ACE inhibitors are also used to manage blood pressure.1