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Endosymbiosis
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Diagram of endosymbiotic theory. In primary endosymbiosis, a proto-eukaryote develops a nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum, engulfs aerobic bacteria that become mitochondria, then photosynthetic bacteria that become chloroplasts, forming a modern photosynthetic eukaryote. In secondary endosymbiosis, an ancestral host cell with mitochondria engulfs a photosynthetic eukaryote; its degenerated nucleus remains as a nucleomorph and its chloroplast gains four surrounding membranes. Color-enhanced electron micrograph showing yellow mitochondria and blue endoplasmic reticulum within magenta-stained hepatocyte liver cells at high magnification. Riftia pachyptila (giant tube worms) with bright red plumes and long white tubular bodies clustered around a deep-sea hydrothermal vent on the ocean floor. Close-up of a citrus mealybug (Planococcus citri), a small, soft-bodied insect covered in white, waxy filaments, clinging to a plant stem. The pest appears oval-shaped with fine, thread-like projections along its body, feeding on plant sap and commonly found on leaves, stems, or fruit of tropical and ornamental plants.
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Endosymbiotic theory
Primary endosymbiosis is thought to have given rise to essential eukaryotic organelles,...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Mitochondria (in yellow) of hepatocyte cells as seen in scanning electron microscopy
Eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts have evolved through...
© BISP—Universal Images Group/Getty Images
Adult tube worms (Riftia pachyptila) depend on chemosynthetic bacterial endosymbionts for nutrition
These animals live in chemically reducing environments of deep-sea hydrothermal vents...
© Galih Wisnu/Dreamstime.com
The citrus mealybug (Planococcus citri) benefits from a tripartite nested endosymbiosis
It hosts a betaprteobacterium, which in turn hosts a gammaproteobacterium, and the...
© Palex66/Dreamstime.com