electrocrystallization

Electrocrystallization is a process where metals and other substances are deposited onto electrodes through an electrochemical reaction, leading to the formation of crystals. This process involves the discharge of ions at the electrode and their subsequent incorporation into a crystal lattice. An intermediate species, known as an adatom, exists at the surface, which is a partially discharged atom that can move via surface diffusion.1

Crystal growth can occur through several mechanisms, including step growth at existing kinks, continuous growth via screw dislocations, or the formation of new crystal nuclei when the concentration of adatoms is high. The rate of deposition and the presence of additives can influence the morphology of the deposit, potentially leading to smooth surfaces or the formation of spikes called dendrites. Electrocrystallization is a key aspect of electrochemistry with applications in metallurgy, such as the refining of metals like copper.12