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The "edge effect" in ecology refers to the changes in species composition and population density that occur at the boundary between two different ecological communities, known as an ecotone. This transitional area often supports a greater number of species and a higher population density than either of the adjacent communities. Organisms may utilize ecotones for essential activities like courtship, nesting, or foraging. The edge effect can be influenced by factors such as the size and nature of the transition zone, and it can have significant impacts on species interactions, such as increased parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds in ecotones between forests and open areas.123

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