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Disruptions, in a pathological context, are congenital disorders that arise from environmental interferences during the early stages of development (blastogenesis and organogenesis). These disruptions can be caused by various factors, including prenatal infections (like rubella), chemical exposure (such as alcohol or thalidomide), vascular issues, or hormonal influences. Unlike malformations, which are structural abnormalities originating during development, disruptions are external forces that interrupt normal developmental processes. These can lead to a range of conditions affecting different parts of the body.1

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