dipole-dipole interaction

Dipole-dipole interaction is a type of intermolecular force that occurs between polar molecules. Polar molecules possess partial positive and negative charges due to an uneven distribution of electrons. These opposite partial charges attract each other, leading to a net attraction between the molecules. This attraction contributes to substances like hydrogen chloride condensing from a gas to a liquid at low temperatures.1

Another related interaction is the dipole-induced-dipole interaction, where a polar molecule can distort the electron distribution of a nonpolar molecule, creating temporary partial charges that then attract each other. Dispersion interactions, also known as induced-dipole-induced-dipole interactions, occur between all molecules, polar or not, due to temporary fluctuations in electron density. These intermolecular forces are weaker than chemical bonds but are responsible for molecules cohering to form liquids and solids.231