dipole

In physics, a dipole refers to a pair of equal and opposite electric charges or magnetic poles that are separated by a small distance. This arrangement creates a dipole moment, which is the product of the distance between the poles and the magnitude of either pole.12

Electric dipoles can be found in molecules like water, where the oxygen atom carries a partial negative charge and the hydrogen atoms carry partial positive charges. They can also be induced by external electric fields. Magnetic dipoles are often represented by current loops, and their behavior can be understood by considering them as small magnets. The Earth's magnetic field, for instance, is largely explained by the dipolar hypothesis, which models it as originating from a magnetic dipole within the Earth.345