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Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of energy and subatomic particles from unstable atomic nuclei. When an unstable nucleus decays, it transforms into a more stable form by releasing particles or electromagnetic energy. The rate at which a radioactive element decays is measured by its half-life, which is the time it takes for half of a given amount of the isotope to decay. This decay process can continue through multiple generations until a stable nucleus is formed. Radioactive decay follows a statistical exponential rate, meaning the number of atoms decaying in a given time is proportional to the number of atoms present.123

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