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cytoplasm
Introduction & Top Questions References & Edit History Related Topics
Images & Videos
Side-by-side labeled diagrams of a typical animal cell and a plant cell, showing internal structures such as nucleus, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, and unique features like chloroplasts and cell wall in the plant cell.
The video thumbnail image shows an illustration of an animal cell next to a photo of a whale swimming in the oean.
How Are Plant Cells Different from Animal Cells?
Fluorescent confocal image of HeLa cells with green microtubules outlining cell shapes, red mitochondria, and blue nuclei. cytoplasm; hepatocyte Labeled diagram of a bacillus-shaped bacterial cell showing capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear matter, pili, and a single long flagellum extending from one end. Cutaway illustration of a eukaryotic animal cell showing labeled internal structures, including the nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and other organelles. Labeled diagram of a bacterial cell showing key structures including capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, chromosome, plasmid, ribosomes, mesosome, pili, and long flagella. Illustration comparing three cell types: a round animal cell and an irregularly shaped plant cell, both showing labeled organelles, and an elongated bacteria cell with labeled structures such as flagella and capsule.
The Chemistry of Mummies, Ghosts, and Vampires
Quizzes
Mechanism of cellular autophagy, illustration for Nobel Prize Award in Medicine 2016. 3D illustration showing fusion of lysosome with autophagosome containing microbes and molecules.
Parts of a Cell Quiz
Related Questions

cytoplasm: References & Edit History

Article Contributors

Primary Contributors

  • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
    Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.

Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors

Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Modified link of Web site: Open Oregon Educational Resources - Anatomy and Physiology 2e - The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles. Oct 10, 2026
Article thoroughly revised and updated. Apr 03, 2026
Add new Web site: Cell Press - Developmental Cell - Cytoplasm’s Got Moves. Nov 14, 2025
Add new Web site: PNAS - Spring-like behavior of cytoplasm holds the mitotic spindle in place. Aug 09, 2025
Add new Web site: University of Pennsylvania - ScholarlyCommons - Hitchhiking Through the Cytoplasm (PDF). Mar 07, 2025
Add new Web site: Mustansiriyah University - The Cytoplasm. Dec 02, 2024
Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - The physical chemistry of cytoplasm and its influence on cell function: an update. Oct 30, 2024
Media added. Aug 23, 2024
Add new Web site: National Academies Press - Cytoplasm: Organelles and functions. Jul 19, 2024
Add new Web site: Frontiers - Cytoplasmic DNAs: Sources, sensing, and roles in the development of lung inflammatory diseases and cancer. Jun 04, 2024
Media added. Feb 28, 2024
Add new Web site: Open Oregon Educational Resources - The Plasma Membrane and The Cytoplasm. Nov 30, 2023
Add new Web site: Frontiers - Cytoplasmic DNAs: Sources, sensing, and roles in the development of lung inflammatory diseases and cancer. Oct 17, 2023
Add new Web site: Open Oregon Educational Resources - Anatomy and Physiology 2e - The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles. Sep 04, 2023
Add new Web site: Khan Academy - Plasma membrane and cytoplasm. May 30, 2023
Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - The physical chemistry of cytoplasm and its influence on cell function: an update. Dec 12, 2022
Added an image showing organelles in the cytoplasm of a hepatocyte. Sep 11, 2019
Cross-references added. Sep 11, 2019
New illustration added. Jan 15, 2009
Added new Web site: Rader's Biology4Kids - Cytoplasm. Oct 10, 2008
Added new Web site: Think Quest - Cytoplasm. Jun 16, 2008
Article revised and updated. Nov 08, 2007
Added new Web site: Biology4Kids - Cytoplasm. Oct 18, 2007
Added new Web site: Johannes Gutenberg University - Cytoplasm. Oct 18, 2007
Article added to new online database. Jul 20, 1998
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