convection-current theory

The convection-current theory in geophysics proposes that the movement of tectonic plates is driven by the circulation of Earth's mantle. Heat from the planet's interior, primarily from the decay of radioactive elements, causes the mantle material to move in circular patterns. This movement, known as convection, is believed to propel the plates across the Earth's surface.123

While convection is considered the primary driver, other forces like "slab pull" and "ridge push" may also contribute. Slab pull occurs when a dense oceanic plate sinks at a subduction zone, pulling the rest of the plate along. Ridge push happens at mid-ocean ridges, where gravity pulls cooler, denser rocks away from the elevated ridge. The exact relationship between mantle circulation and plate movement remains an active area of research.12