Brain: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
- Aggressive behaviourNeuroendocrine influences
- Avoidance behaviour
- Feeding behaviourCaloric regulation
- PhotoreceptionImage formation
- PhotoreceptionPhotopigments
- PhotoreceptionCentral processing of visual information
- PhotoreceptionCentral processing of visual information
- ThermoreceptionThermoreceptive elements
- ThermoreceptionNeural thermoreceptive pathways
- ThermoreceptionReptiles and amphibians
- human nervous systemAutonomic tracts
- human nervous systemExecutive functions of the frontal lobes
- agingTissue cell loss and replacement
- human agingNervous system
- analgesic
- How Much Does a Human Brain Weigh?
- neuroplasticity
- human nervous systemBrain
- human skeletonThe cranium
- hypothalamus
- stem cellNeural stem cells
- neural stem cell
- The Human Brain Runs on Less Power than a Light Bulb
- bloodRespiration
- colourColour effects
- deathThe meaning of death
- deathDescartes, the pineal soul, and brain-stem death
- phantom limb syndrome
- human sensory reception
- human sensory receptionOdour sensitivity
- soundBinaural perception
- speechBrain functions
- ThermoreceptionStudy of thermoreceptors
- ThermoreceptionNeural thermoreceptive pathways
- ThermoreceptionNeural thermoreceptive pathways
- vomiting
- air embolism
- alcohol consumptionEffects of alcohol on the brain
- alcoholismChronic diseases
- Alzheimer disease
- aphasia
- atrophyWhole body atrophy
- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorderCauses
- autismNeurodevelopmental features
- encephalitis
- hallucinationThe nature of hallucinations
- hallucinationDirect brain stimulation
- human developmentHormones and growth
- illusionPerceiver-distortion illusions
- memory disorderKorsakoff syndrome
- mental disorderBiochemistry
- electromagnetic radiationMicrowaves
- motion sicknessPhysiological mechanisms
- neural tube defect
- paresis
- post-traumatic stress disorder
- pregnancyNervous system disorders
- Naegleria fowleri
- prion
- radiationBrain and sensory organs
- speech disorderDysphasia and aphasia
- split-brain syndrome
- traumatic brain injury
- attentionPhysiological changes
- CartesianismContemporary influences
- emotionThe neurobiology of emotion
- emotionThe neurobiology of emotion
- emotionThe neurobiology of emotion
- human intelligenceHemispheric studies
- humorPatterns of association
- MaterialismTypes distinguished by departures from the paradigm
- MaterialismLogic, intentionality, and psychical research
- motivationPhysiological, psychological, and philosophical approaches
- perception
- Movement perceptionVisual cues to movement
- human sexual activityNervous system factors
- psychologyLinking mind, brain, and behaviour
- thoughtElements of thought
Additional Reading
General interest and scientific works
Adam Zeman, A Portrait of the Brain (2008), covers all aspects of the brain, from anatomy to the inner workings of the mind. Richard S.J. Frackowiak et al., Human Brain Function, 2nd ed. (2004), provides in-depth coverage of the many functions of the brain and discusses the importance of functional imaging in the field of neuroscience. Mark F. Bear, Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso, Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd ed. (2007), is a well-illustrated, college-level text that focuses on the brain and the neurobiological processes that drive brain development, human behavior, and neurological disorders.
Documentaries
Secrets of the Mind (2001), written and directed by Christopher Rawlence and produced by Emma Crichton-Miller for NOVA/WGBH television, features the research and patient encounters of renowned neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran, who helps demystify the complex anatomy and functions of the brain.
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
-
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
Other Contributors
-
Rheanna Sand
Rheanna Sand completed her Ph.D. in molecular neuropharmacology at the University of Alberta. She is now a Post-doctoral Research Associate in the Department of Anesthesiology at the Weill Medical College of Cornell University. She is the co-founder, writer, and host for the website “Science in Seconds.” She is extremely proud of her Metis heritage and feels that a unique combination of science, history, and humor is needed to fully understand the world.
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Article revised and updated. | Nov 06, 2026 | ||
| Invalidated site: Interesting Facts - 25 of Our Most Fascinating Facts About the Human Body. | Oct 28, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: Interesting Facts - 25 of Our Most Fascinating Facts About the Human Body. | Aug 07, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - Physiology, Brain. | Apr 09, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - How Does the Mind Work? Insights from Biology. | Dec 10, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Royal Society Publishing - Open Biology - Brain and testis: more alike than previously thought? | Aug 29, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: OpenStax - Psychology 2e - The Brain and Spinal Cord. | Feb 01, 2025 | ||
| Media added. | Jan 21, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - The next step in understanding the function of dreams. | Nov 19, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Simply Psychology - Parts of the Brain: Anatomy, Structure and Functions. | Apr 16, 2024 | ||
| Media added. | Sep 07, 2023 | ||
| Links added. | Aug 03, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Johns Hopkins Medicine - Brain Anatomy and How the Brain Works. | Apr 27, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Cleveland Clinic - Brain. | Jan 05, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Medicine LibreTexts - The Brain. | Nov 13, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: Live Science - Human brain: Facts, functions and anatomy. | Aug 26, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Library of Medicine - Berengario da Carpi and the Renaissance of Brain Anatomy. | May 24, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: Verywell Health - The Anatomy of the Brain. | May 01, 2022 | ||
| Added information on the mass of the human brain and on the role of neurons and synapses in cognition. | Feb 05, 2020 | ||
| Deleted videos. | Oct 21, 2019 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Jul 05, 2018 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Geographic - Your Amazing Brain! | Jan 13, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Easy Science for Kids - Structure and functionality of the Human Brain. | Jan 13, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Women's and Children's Health Network - Kids' Health - The Brain. | Jan 13, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: CoolKidFacts.com - The Brain. | Jan 13, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Geographic - Your Amazing Brain. | Jan 13, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Science Kids - Fun Science and technology For Kids! - Brain Facts. | Jan 12, 2017 | ||
| Added video. | Feb 06, 2015 | ||
| Add new Web site: Buzzle.com - Brain Anatomy and Parts of the Brain. | Nov 20, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: WebMd - Drug Abuse, Addiction, and the Brain. | Feb 10, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: Healthline - Brain Overview. | Nov 04, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Mayo Clinic - How your brain works. | Nov 04, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Better Health Channel - Brain. | Nov 04, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Merck Manuals - Brain. | Apr 03, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: KidsHealth - TeensHealth - Brain and Nervous System. | Apr 03, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: InnerBody - Brain. | Apr 03, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: WebMD - Brain. | Apr 03, 2013 | ||
| Video describing split-brain syndrome added. | Oct 30, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: Shippensburg University - Speech and the Brain. | Oct 19, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Washington - The Brain and Language. | Oct 19, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: American Medical Association - Effects of a Stroke on the Brain. | Oct 19, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: Science Kids - Fun Science and Technology for Kids - Brain Facts. | Mar 16, 2012 | ||
| Added an image of the human brain produced using magnetic resonance imaging. | Jan 26, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: Fact Monster - Science - Brain. | Sep 07, 2010 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Institute of Neurological Disorders And Stroke - Brain. | Sep 06, 2010 | ||
| Add new Web site: How Stuff Works - Health - Brain. | Sep 06, 2010 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Geographic - Science and Space - Brain. | Sep 06, 2010 | ||
| Added new Web site: National Geographic - Science - Brain. | Apr 16, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: Serendip - Brain Structures and their Functions. | Oct 16, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Mama'sHealth.com - Brain. | Oct 16, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: ISCID Encyclopedia of Science and Philosophy - Parts of the Brain. | Oct 16, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: ThinkQuest - A Ride Through the Human Brain. | Oct 16, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - Health - How Your Brain Works. | Jul 31, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - Health - How Does The Brain Create An Uninterrupted View Of The World? | Jul 30, 2008 | ||
| New bibliography added. | Jul 09, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: The Nemours Foundation - For Parents - Brain and Nervous System. | Apr 23, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: The Catholic Encyclopedia - Mental Pathology. | Mar 14, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Enchanted Learning - The Brain. | Mar 03, 2008 | ||
| Media added. | Nov 13, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: Waiting.Com - Brain Anatomy. | Feb 13, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: Brainmuseum.org - Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections. | Jan 12, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections. | Oct 18, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Official Site of National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke - Brain. | Oct 03, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: KidsHealth - The Brain Is the Boss. | Jul 20, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Brain Facts and Figures. | Jun 04, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Serendip: Brain and Behavior. | Jun 02, 2006 | ||
| Article revised. | May 19, 2005 | ||
| Article revised. | Dec 14, 1998 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 20, 1998 |
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