birth: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
Additional Reading
Francine H. Nichols and Sharron Smith Humenick, Childbirth Education: Practice, Research, and Theory (1988); Oxorn-Foote Human Labor & Birth, 5th ed. by Harry Oxorn (1986); Helen Varney, Nurse-Midwifery, 2nd ed. (1987).
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
- Alfred C. Beck
- John W. Huffman
-
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Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
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Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Deleted Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - Normal Labor: Physiology, Evaluation, and Management. | Aug 28, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - Normal Labor: Physiology, Evaluation, and Management. | Jul 18, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: Iowa State University Digital Press - Human Reproduction: A Clinical Approach - Labor and Birth. | Dec 19, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: CUNY Pressbooks Network - Infant and Child Development: From Conception Through Late Childhood - Birth and the Newborn. | Oct 16, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: OpenStax - Lifespan Development - Childbirth and Perinatal Health. | Aug 22, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Frontiers - Frontiers in Physiology - Molecular Mechanism and Pathways of Normal Human Parturition in Different Gestational Tissues: A Systematic Review of Transcriptome Studies. | May 30, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: CiteSeerX - The Meaning of Natural Childbirth. | Mar 22, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Demo Pressbooks Network - Boundless Anatomy and Physiology - Birth (Parturition). | Jan 06, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Nature - Genetic effects on the timing of parturition and links to fetal birth weight. | Jun 26, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Indiana University Pressbooks - Basic Human Physiology - Parturition and Postpartum Changes. | May 03, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: UH Pressbooks - Human Nutrition - Pregnancy. | Nov 17, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Medicine LibreTexts - Labor and Childbirth. | Aug 30, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - How we are born. | Mar 16, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Medicine LibreTexts - Birth. | Dec 23, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia - Birth. | Sep 30, 2022 | ||
| Changed article title from "parturition" to "birth." | Apr 18, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: Healthline - 3 Stages of Parturition. | Feb 22, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: Academia - Skeletal Indicators of Pregnancy and Parturition: A Historical Review. | Mar 29, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: Science Museum - Brought to Life - A natural process? Women, men and the medicalisation of childbirth. | Mar 10, 2016 | ||
| Changed "Elizabeth Bing" to "Elisabeth Bing." | Aug 28, 2015 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Sep 11, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: University of Manitoba - Dying to Have a Baby: The History of Childbirth. | Oct 30, 2007 | ||
| Article revised. | Sep 25, 2000 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 26, 1999 |
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