biotransformation

Biotransformation is the process by which chemical compounds are structurally altered within a living system, primarily through the action of enzymes. This transformation, often referred to as metabolism, occurs in various organs, with the liver playing a crucial role.12

Biotransformation typically involves two phases:
* Phase I: A chemical is modified by adding a functional group (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl) through oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis.2
* Phase II: The modified chemical is joined with an endogenous molecule, usually resulting in a more water-soluble compound that can be easily excreted.2

While biotransformation generally aids in eliminating foreign substances from the body, it can sometimes produce more toxic compounds. Enzymes are essential catalysts for these biochemical reactions, regulating metabolic pathways and ensuring the efficient functioning of living organisms.23