Algebraic Versus Transcendental Objects

One important difference between the differential calculus of Pierre de Fermat and René Descartes and the full calculus of Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is the difference between algebraic and transcendental objects. The rules of differential calculus are complete in the world of algebraic curves—those defined by equations of the form p(x, y) = 0, where p is a polynomial. (For example, the most basic parabola is given by the polynomial equation y = x².) In his Geometry of...