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Why do criminologists use several theories rather than one universal explanation of crime?

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collection of evidence at a crime scene — criminology FBI workers collecting evidence.

Criminologists utilize a variety of theories rather than a single universal explanation because crime is a complex phenomenon with multifaceted causes. While some researchers have sought a unified theory, it is widely accepted that different theories are better suited to explain specific aspects of criminality, and that multiple perspectives contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the problem.1

The field of criminology draws from diverse disciplines—including sociology, psychology, biology, and economics—each offering unique insights. For instance:4

Sociological theories often view criminal behavior as a normal adaptation to social circumstances, such as anomie or differential association, focusing on environmental and structural factors.21
Psychological theories examine individual personality, learning processes, and the interaction between biological predispositions and social experiences.31
Radical and conflict theories analyze crime through the lens of political and economic structures, such as the influence of capitalism and power dynamics.2

Because the individuals who are caught and studied may not be representative of all offenders, reaching a single, robust explanation remains difficult. Consequently, criminologists integrate these various frameworks to address the complexity of criminal behavior, its prevention, and its correction.14