What can trigger diabetic ketoacidosis in a person with diabetes mellitus?

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An anatomical illustration of the human pancreas shows its location near the stomach and intestines, a detailed cross-section highlighting ducts and the islet of Langerhans, and an inset of pancreatic tissue histology with labeled alpha, beta, and delta cells. — diabetes mellitus The islets of Langerhans are responsible for the endocrine function of the pancreas. Each islet contains beta, alpha, delta, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells that are responsible for the secretion of pancreatic hormones. Beta cells secrete insulin, a well-characterized hormone that plays an important role in regulating glucose metabolism.

Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus triggered by a lack of insulin, which prevents cells from utilizing glucose for energy.1

Common triggers include:

Medication Mismanagement: Missing insulin doses, incorrect dosages, or malfunctions in insulin pumps (e.g., clogs or disconnections).1
Infection or Illness: Conditions such as pneumonia or urinary tract infections cause the body to release stress hormones like adrenaline and cortisol, which counteract insulin.1
Physical and Psychological Stress: Events such as surgery, heart attacks, or severe emotional trauma.1
Lifestyle and Physiological Factors: Reduced intake of food and water, pregnancy, alcohol or drug misuse, and the use of specific medications like corticosteroids.1

Because this condition can escalate into a life-threatening emergency within 24 hours, it is essential to manage diabetes closely through regular monitoring of blood glucose and ketone levels, especially during periods of illness or stress.1