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Vaccine Mandates: A Timeline
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Vaccine coverage and exemptions among kindergarteners in the United States Smallpox vaccination Oral polio vaccine Close-up of a person's torso showing a widespread red, blotchy rash characteristic of measles, with hands pulling up a green shirt to expose the skin. BCG vaccine Three line graphs display the dramatic decline in reported cases of diphtheria, polio, and measles in the United States from 1920 to 2019, each showing a sharp drop after the introduction of their respective vaccines. Diphtheria cases fell after 1921, polio after 1955, and measles after 1963, illustrating the impact of mass vaccination programs. An inset highlights an increase in measles cases after 2010. COVID-19 vaccine Vaccines by the numbers U.S. federal and state vaccine guidelines
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Vaccine Mandates: A Timeline: Media

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Images

Smallpox vaccination
The global smallpox eradication campaign of the late 1960s and early 1970s ultimately...
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Image Number: 7073)
Oral polio vaccine
Upper portion of a 1963 poster featuring Wellbee, a national public health symbol...
CDC/Mary Hilpertshauser
Measles
An infant with skin rash characteristic of measles.
© phichet chaiyabin/Shutterstock.com
BCG vaccine
A doctor observing a child who received a BCG vaccine to help prevent tuberculosis.
Rana Asghar, Pakistan/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Historical mass vaccination programs in the United States
In the United States, mass vaccination programs carried out against diphtheria, polio,...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
COVID-19 vaccine
Vials containing the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine sit on a table in preparation for use...
Airman 1st Class Anna Nolte—U.S. Air Force/U.S. Department of Defense

Interactives

Vaccine coverage and exemptions among kindergarteners in the United States
Comparison of data between 2014–15 and 2024–25 showing changes in the number of vaccine...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Vaccines by the numbers
Interactive chart displaying lives saved or birth rate increase from vaccines.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
U.S. federal and state vaccine guidelines
Although some U.S. states rely solely on federal childhood vaccine guidance, others...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.