Pleistocene Epoch: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
- Baltic SeaPhysiography
- Canadian ShieldLandscape features and geology
- continental marginMargin types
- East African lakesGeology, climate, and hydrology
- English ChannelGeology
- EuropePleistocene glaciation
- history of EuropePrehistory
- history of EuropeMesolithic adaptations
- riverEffects of climatic change
- glacial stage
- climate changeGlacial and interglacial cycles of the Pleistocene
- Lake Algonquin
- Great LakesGeology
- HimalayasGeologic history
- Nebraskan Glacial Stage
- North SeaGeology
- Sierra NevadaDrainage and glaciation
- South AmericaPresent geologic setting
- glacierDistribution of glaciers
Additional Reading
A recent general summary of the physical and biological records of the Pleistocene Epoch is found in Bjørn G. Andersen and Harold W. Borns, Jr., The Ice Age World: An Introduction to Quaternary History and Research with Emphasis on North America and Northern Europe During the Last 2.5 Million Years (1994, reissued 1997); and Björn Kurtén and Elaine Anderson, Pleistocene Mammals of North America (1980).
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
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W. Hilton Johnson
Emeritus Professor of Geology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
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The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Invalidated site: PNAS - Evidence from molecular systematics for decreased avian diversification in the Pleistocene Epoch. | Oct 01, 2026 | ||
| Media added. | Jan 27, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: Wheaton College OpenPress - Molecular Ecology and Evolution: An Introduction - The Pleistocene Epoch. | Jan 16, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Evolution of Homo in the Middle and Late Pleistocene. | Nov 07, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Nature - Nature Communications - Low CO2 levels of the entire Pleistocene epoch. | Jan 17, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Social Sci LibreTexts - Pleistocene Epoch. | Jun 25, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: PNAS - Evidence from molecular systematics for decreased avian diversification in the Pleistocene Epoch. | Apr 10, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: The University of Texas at Austin - The Pleistocene Epoch and the Evolution of Man. | Feb 27, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: The University of Arizona - Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences - The Pleistocene - The Age of Ice. | Jan 05, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Academia - Terminal Pleistocene epoch human footprints from the Pacific coast of Canada. | Sep 05, 2023 | ||
| Links added. | Jun 01, 2023 | ||
| Media added. | Feb 15, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Live Science - Pleistocene epoch: The last ice age. | Jan 13, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Ancient Origins - Pleistocene Epoch: Humans, Welcome to Earth. | Nov 22, 2022 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Sep 27, 2021 | ||
| Removed tables. | Jul 30, 2018 | ||
| Illustration of cave lion (Panthera leo spelaea) added. | Sep 10, 2014 | ||
| Deleted map. | Mar 05, 2012 | ||
| Text added noting the date of the first arrival of Homo sapiens in Europe. | Feb 03, 2012 | ||
| Changed "The Netherlands" to "the Netherlands." | Sep 15, 2010 | ||
| New text clarifying the starting time of the Pleistocene Epoch and the historical debate over the topic added. | Jul 22, 2009 | ||
| Corrected the date at which the Pleistocene Epoch began. | May 15, 2009 | ||
| Media added. | Feb 26, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: Palaeos - The Pleistocene. | Apr 24, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: University of California Museum of Paleontology - The Pleistocene. | Apr 24, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: US-Parks.com - Joshua Tree National Park - Pleistocene Epoch. | Apr 24, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Ohio History Central - Pleistocene Epoch. | Apr 24, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History - The Pleistocene. | Apr 24, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - The Ice Age (Pleistocene Epoch). | Apr 24, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Think Quest - Pleistocene Epoch. | Apr 24, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Geosciences - History of Pleistocene Study. | Feb 18, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: The Department of Paleobiology of National Museum of Natural History - Pleistocene. | Dec 16, 2007 | ||
| Bibliography revised. | Apr 19, 2007 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 26, 1999 |
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