North China climate

The climate of North China is primarily influenced by the seasonal movement of air masses between the Pacific Ocean and the Asian mainland. During winter, a cold, dry polar continental air mass from Siberia dominates, bringing clear weather and abundant sunshine, though temperatures can fluctuate significantly between day and night. Prevailing winds blow from the northwest in northern China.1

In summer, a tropical Pacific air mass brings moisture and influences rainfall patterns. The interaction between these two air masses creates distinct seasonal conditions. North China generally receives less precipitation than the southeastern coast, with annual rainfall decreasing from southeast to northwest. Variability in precipitation is high, increasing the risk of drought and flood.12