Keeling Curve

Keeling Curve, graph showing seasonal and annual changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations since 1958 at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii. The graph, which was devised by American climate scientist Charles David Keeling of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, charts the buildup of CO₂ in the atmosphere. It is the longest uninterrupted instrumental record of atmospheric CO₂ in the world, and it is commonly regarded as one of the best and most recognizable products of a long-term scientific study. The curve is considered by many scientists to be a trustworthy measure of CO₂ in the middle layers of the troposphere, and it has been interpreted by many climate scientists as a warning signal for global warming.

Data collection

Between 1958 and 1964, Keeling managed sampling efforts at Mauna Loa and at the South Pole in order to consider the changes in atmospheric CO₂ occurring in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. (Sampling efforts at Mauna Loa were briefly interrupted during the spring of 1964 because of funding problems and in 2022 because of the Mauna Loa eruption. Budget cuts forced the program at the South Pole, which had begun in 1957, to end in 1964.) Since Keeling was interested in building a record of unbiased baseline data, he chose these locations to collect air samples because they were far from substantial CO₂ sources such as cities. Atmospheric CO₂ concentrations were calculated daily by using instruments that convert infrared absorbance in each sample to CO₂ concentrations in parts per million by volume (ppmv), placed at each location, and their values were charted.

Shape of the curve

In aggregate, the Keeling Curve shows an annual rise in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. The curve shows that average concentrations have risen from about 316 ppmv of dry air in 1959 to approximately 370 ppmv in 2000 and 425 ppmv in 2024. Average concentrations rose by 1.3 to 1.4 ppmv per year until the mid-1970s, and they were increasing by more than 2 ppmv per year in the 2010s. The year-to-year increase in atmospheric CO₂ concentrations is roughly proportional to the amount of CO₂ released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels. Between 1959 and 1982, the rate of CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel combustion doubled from approximately 2.5 billion to 5 billion tons of carbon equivalent per year. By 2020 CO₂ emissions had risen to nearly 10 billion tons of carbon equivalent per year. This increase in emissions is reflected in the curve by a slight increase in the slope over the period. The shape of the curve has also allowed scientists to conclude that approximately 57 percent of CO₂ emissions remain in the atmosphere from year to year.

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The curve also captures seasonal changes in atmospheric CO₂ concentration. The curve reveals that CO₂ concentrations decrease during periods corresponding to the spring and summer months in the Northern Hemisphere. This decline is explained by the rapid leafing of vegetation during the early spring and subsequent plant growth in the summer, when the influence of photosynthesis is greatest. (Photosynthesis removes CO₂ from the air and converts it, along with water and other minerals, into oxygen and organic compounds that can be used for plant growth.) When spring arrives in the Northern Hemisphere, the portion of the planet that contains most of the land area and vegetation cover, the increased rate of photosynthesis outpaces the production of CO₂, and a decrease in carbon dioxide concentrations can be observed in the curve. As photosynthetic rates slow in the Northern Hemisphere during the autumn and winter months, atmospheric CO₂ concentrations rise.

Role in the climate debate

The Keeling Curve serves as a link between modern CO₂ concentrations and those of the past. The data in the curve can be compared with the carbon dioxide concentrations of air bubbles trapped in ice cores. Such comparisons reveal that for most of the period between 1000 and 2000 ce, CO₂ concentrations fluctuated between about 275 and 290 ppmv. Since about 1900, however, levels have risen steadily. The results of numerous studies reveal the close association between atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and near-surface air temperature. Ice core studies also reveal that the timing of ice ages and warm periods parallels the rise and fall of atmospheric CO₂.

The recent increase in the concentration of atmospheric CO₂, which began in the middle of the 19th century, is troubling to many climatologists, especially those who advocate the notion of global warming. They fear that the continued increase of this compound in the atmosphere will lead to an increase in Earth’s average temperature and greatly modify the climate patterns upon which many species and ecosystems depend.