How is blood kept free from microorganisms during collection and transfusion?

To ensure blood remains free from microorganisms during collection and transfusion, several rigorous safety measures are employed:

• Sterile Equipment: Blood is collected and delivered using sterile needles, tubing, and containers, which prevents the introduction of disease-causing microorganisms during the procedure.1
• Donor Screening: Potential donors undergo health questionnaires and laboratory testing to screen for infectious agents, including HIV and hepatitis viruses. Modern techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), allow for the detection of viral genetic material even at very low concentrations.23
• Leukoreduction: Special filters are used to remove white blood cells (leukocytes) from blood components. This process, known as leukoreduction, helps prevent the transmission of viruses like cytomegalovirus that reside within white blood cells.24
• Controlled Storage: After collection, blood products are stored under controlled conditions, often involving refrigeration and the use of preservatives to maintain the integrity of the blood and inhibit microbial growth.31
• Pathogen Reduction: Scientists continue to develop additives to neutralize or kill pathogens, and specific treatments, such as the use of solvents and detergents, are applied to plasma to eliminate certain viruses.2