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How does the adrenal cortex produce cortisol and aldosterone?
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Steroid
Many important physiological functions of vertebrates are controlled by steroid hormones.
The adrenal cortex produces cortisol and aldosterone by synthesizing them from cholesterol within specific zones of the gland.1
Production Sites
- Aldosterone: Produced in the outer layer of the adrenal cortex, known as the zona glomerulosa, where it is synthesized from corticosterone.12
- Cortisol: Produced in the inner two zones, the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis, which function as a physiological unit.1
Regulation Mechanisms
The secretion of these steroid hormones is controlled by distinct systems:
- Cortisol: Regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal feedback system. The hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone, which stimulates the pituitary to secrete adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), triggering cortisol production.3
- Aldosterone: Regulated primarily by the renin-angiotensin system. When the kidneys detect low blood flow or pressure, they release renin, eventually leading to the production of angiotensin II, which stimulates the adrenal glands to release aldosterone. High serum potassium levels also stimulate its secretion.32