How does physiology compare the functions of humans with those of other animals?

In the field of physiology, the comparison of human functions with those of other animals is central to understanding biological processes. Modern physiology emphasizes function over structure, focusing on universal mechanisms such as metabolism, nutrition, and transport that occur across various species.1

Physiologists often study these functions at the cellular and molecular levels, where commonalities between humans and other animals are most apparent. This comparative approach allows scientists to:1

• Identify General Principles: By abstracting fundamental processes from diverse organisms, researchers seek to define a "general physiology" that applies to all living things.1
• Utilize Model Organisms: Because other animals can be more easily controlled under experimental conditions, studying them provides critical insights into human biology, including learning, motivation, and brain function.2
• Understand Adaptation: Comparative studies help determine how specific traits—such as body temperature regulation—evolved as adaptations to environmental pressures.34

While humans are recognized as highly evolved animals, comparative physiology remains essential for addressing medical and ecological challenges, ensuring that researchers account for both evolutionary continuity and the unique constraints of different species.12