How does birth control differ from sterilization?

Birth control is a broad term encompassing any method used to voluntarily limit human reproduction, including contraception, sexual abstinence, induced abortion, and surgical sterilization. In this context, sterilization is a specific, highly effective category of birth control.123

The primary differences between sterilization and other forms of birth control include:

• Permanence: While many contraceptive methods (such as birth control pills, condoms, or IUDs) are reversible and intended for temporary use, sterilization is considered a permanent and generally irreversible surgical procedure. Although medical advancements have improved the potential for surgical reversal, individuals seeking sterilization must approach the decision with the understanding that it is intended to be permanent.23
• Nature of the Procedure: Most birth control methods involve the use of devices, medications, or behavioral changes to prevent conception. In contrast, sterilization involves a surgical operation—such as a vasectomy for men or tubal ligation for women—to physically block or sever the ducts that transport gametes, thereby preventing fertilization.23
• Effectiveness: Sterilization is among the most effective forms of birth control, with a success rate exceeding 99 percent.2