How does age-related macular degeneration affect central vision while sparing peripheral vision?

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) specifically targets the macula lutea, a small, specialized region of the retina responsible for acute, central vision and the perception of fine detail.12

The disease affects central vision because it involves the deterioration of cells within this specific area. In the dry form, this occurs through the accumulation of drusen (extracellular deposits) and the atrophic loss of retinal cells. In the wet form, fragile new blood vessels grow beneath the retina and bleed, further compromising the macula's function.21

Because the pathology of ARMD is localized to the macula, the surrounding areas of the retina—which govern peripheral vision—remain largely unaffected. Consequently, while patients experience a significant decline in their ability to see fine detail and focus on objects directly in their line of sight, their peripheral vision is typically retained.12