How do sulfonylurea medicines lower blood glucose levels?

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An anatomical illustration of the human pancreas shows its location near the stomach and intestines, a detailed cross-section highlighting ducts and the islet of Langerhans, and an inset of pancreatic tissue histology with labeled alpha, beta, and delta cells. — diabetes mellitus The islets of Langerhans are responsible for the endocrine function of the pancreas. Each islet contains beta, alpha, delta, and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells that are responsible for the secretion of pancreatic hormones. Beta cells secrete insulin, a well-characterized hormone that plays an important role in regulating glucose metabolism.

Sulfonylureas are a class of oral medications used to treat type II diabetes mellitus by acting as hypoglycemic agents. They lower blood glucose levels primarily by stimulating the beta cells of the pancreas to release more insulin into the bloodstream.12

By increasing the secretion of insulin, these drugs help the body manage glucose levels more effectively. While this mechanism is highly effective, the most significant potential side effect of sulfonylureas is hypoglycemia, or abnormally low blood sugar, which can be severe in some cases. Additionally, the effectiveness of these drugs in stimulating insulin release may diminish with long-term use.12