How do epispadias and hypospadias differ in the location of the urethral opening?

The primary difference between epispadias and hypospadias lies in the specific location of the abnormal urethral opening on the penis:

• Hypospadias: The urethra opens on the underside (ventral side) of the penis.1234
• Epispadias: The urethra opens on the upper (dorsal) surface of the penis.24

While both are congenital urogenital malformations, they differ significantly in their clinical impact. In hypospadias, the posterior part of the urethra is typically not involved, meaning the urinary sphincter functions normally and urinary control is maintained. Conversely, epispadias is less common and often more disabling because the defect frequently extends through the urinary sphincter, which can lead to urinary incontinence. Both conditions are generally correctable through surgery.24