How did Indian mathematics influence Islamic mathematics?

Indian mathematics significantly influenced Islamic mathematics, particularly through the transmission of the decimal system and advanced arithmetic algorithms.12

Key contributions from Indian mathematics include:

• Numeration and Arithmetic: Islamic scholars adopted the Indian system of numeration, which included the zero. This system was popularized through works like al-Khwārizmī’s Book of Addition and Subtraction According to the Hindu Calculation.32
• Algorithmic Development: The term algorithm is derived from the Latinized name of al-Khwārizmī, whose work on Hindu arithmetic served as a model for later mathematicians. Islamic scholars adapted these Indian methods—originally performed on dust boards—for use with pen and paper.32
• Decimal Fractions: Building upon the Indian decimal system, Islamic mathematicians extended the concept to include decimal fractions, a development that proved essential for creating a more abstract conception of number.12
• Root Extraction: Islamic mathematicians expanded upon Indian and Greek methods for extracting square and cube roots, developing procedures to find roots of higher degrees.2

These Indian influences, combined with Greek geometric traditions, allowed Islamic scholars to create a sophisticated, unified mathematical framework.1