How can long-term exposure to coal dust cause black lung disease?

Black lung disease, or coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, is a respiratory disorder caused by the repeated inhalation of coal dust over many years.12

When coal dust is inhaled, it deposits in the terminal bronchioles of the lungs, where it triggers a fibrotic reaction. While the early stages—often called anthracosis—are typically asymptomatic, the continued accumulation of dust leads to a distinctive blue-black marbling of the lung tissue. Over time, this process can progress to a more generalized form known as progressive massive fibrosis, where large masses of fibrous tissue form, distorting and damaging the lungs.213

This condition results in a decreasing capacity for exercise, increasing breathlessness, and chronic respiratory difficulty, which can eventually lead to disabling cardiorespiratory failure. It is important to note that coal dust may also be contaminated with silica, which can contribute to similar lung damage. There is no curative treatment for the disease, making the prevention of dust exposure through proper ventilation and protective equipment essential for worker safety.132