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History of Surgery: A Timeline
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Two surgeons in scrubs and masks perform laparoscopic surgery on a patient in a brightly lit operating room, with medical equipment and a monitor displaying the procedure. Trepanning Surgical instruments Galen of Pergamum Ambroise Paré Early experiments on blood circulation The “father of scientific surgery” Ether anesthesia The discoverer of the principle of the aplanatic focus Wilhelm Roentgen's 1896 X-ray image showing the bones of his wife's hand, with a ring visible on one finger and metal objects placed above the hand.
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Images

Laparoscopic surgery
Surgeons performing a laparoscopy.
© s4svisuals/Shutterstock.com
Trepanning
A surgeon performs a trepanning, or trephining, procedure on a patient by drilling...
Wellcome Collection, London (CC BY 4.0)
Surgical instruments
Depictions of surgical instruments from An English Translation of the Sushruta...
From An English Translation of The Sushruta Samhita, volume 1, edited and published by Kaviraj Kunja Lal Bhishagratna (J. N. Bose, Calcutta, 1907)
Galen of Pergamum
A page from a 15th-century manuscript showing Galen and an assistant with a pestle...
Wellcome Library, London (CC BY 4.0)
Ambroise Paré 
An engraving depicting French physician Ambroise Paré (1510–90) tending to a patient.
Wellcome Collection, London (CC BY 4.0)
Early experiments on blood circulation
Engraving depicting experiments that William Harvey cited to support his theory of...
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
The “father of scientific surgery”
Portrait of 18th-century British surgeon John Hunter, detail of an oil painting by...
Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London
Ether anesthesia
American dental surgeon William Thomas Green Morton administering ether anesthesia...
Science History Images/Alamy
The discoverer of the principle of the aplanatic focus
English amateur opticist Joseph Jackson Lister solved the problem of chromatic and...
Röntgen X-ray photograph
An X-ray taken in 1896 by German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, showing the bones...
© Photos.com/Getty Images
Kidney transplant
British surgeon Andrew Ready flushing a donated kidney during a transplant at Queen...
Christopher Furlong/Getty Images
First heart transplant
South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard explains the first heart transplant.
© Bettmann/Getty Images
The da Vinci Surgical System
A robotic surgical platform, the da Vinci Surgical System has expanded the scope...
© Thomas Samson—AFP/Getty Images