HIV-1 genome

genetics

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July 20, 2026

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The HIV-1 genome is composed of 9,173 RNA nucleotides and mutates at a high rate, leading to variations within infected individuals. This variation is particularly notable in the gene for the gp120 protein, which helps the virus evade the immune system by altering its surface protein structure.1

HIV is a retrovirus, meaning it uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA genome into DNA within a host cell. This DNA can then integrate into the host's genetic material. Many viruses, including HIV, utilize RNA as their genetic material. There are two main types of HIV that infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is more prevalent globally and more easily transmitted, while HIV-2, found mainly in western Africa, is less virulent and generally causes slower disease progression. Both types target CD4 T cells and can lead to AIDS if left untreated.2345

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Genome of HIV
The HIV-1 genome in 2009 was the first HIV genome to be sequenced in its entirety. Prior to that achievement, the ability of HIV RNA to fold into highly intricate structures had complicated attempts to elucidate the genomic sequence, and scientists could sequence only small segments…
Read More
The HIV-1 genome in 2009 was the first HIV genome to be sequenced in its entirety. Prior to that achievement, the ability of HIV RNA to fold into highly intricate structures had complicated attempts to elucidate the genomic sequence, and scientists could sequence only small segments…
Read More