Darwinian subsidence theory

Darwinian subsidence theory, proposed by Charles Darwin, explains the formation of coral reefs, particularly atolls and barrier reefs. The theory posits that reefs begin as formations fringing landmasses or volcanic islands. As the underlying land or island subsides, the coral reef grows upward and outward, maintaining its position relative to the sea surface.1

This process is particularly evident in the Pacific Ocean, where features like the Darwin Rise exhibit evidence of significant subsidence, leading to the formation of atolls. While Darwin's fundamental concept remains valid, modern understanding also incorporates factors like rising sea levels and plate-tectonic theory to explain reef development. Subsidence itself refers to the sinking of the Earth's surface due to geological or man-induced causes.213