Auger yield

The Auger effect is a process in atomic physics where an atom with an electron vacancy in an inner shell releases energy to eject another electron, rather than emitting an X-ray photon. This occurs when an electron from an outer shell fills the vacancy, and the released energy expels an electron from one of the atom's shells. The probability of this happening is known as the Auger yield. The Auger effect is useful for studying elements, compounds, nuclei, and subatomic particles. It is also the basis for Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), a surface analysis technique that uses an electron beam to identify elements on a surface.123