At a Glance
tree: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
- growth ring
- geochronologyTree-ring growth
- life spanProblem of defining age
- Arbor Day
- avalancheAvalanche conditions
- Can the Cold Really Cause Trees to Explode?
- respiratory diseaseByssinosis and related diseases
- shrub
- dendrology
- plant developmentCoordination of shoot and root development
- forest
- acid rain
- Apartments of the Rainforest
- houseplantTrees
- How Can Some Trees Survive for Thousands of Years?
- angiospermProcess of xylem transport
- reproductionLife cycles of plants
- papermakingWood
- Saving the World’s Largest Trees
- stemGrowth and anatomy
- wood
Additional Reading
Thomas Pakenham, Remarkable Trees of the World (2002), chronicles 60 of the world’s superlative and most dramatic specimens in a richly photographed work. David More and John White, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Trees, 2nd ed. (2005), provides descriptions and meticulous illustrations for 1,800 species worldwide. Regional treatments include Tony Russell, Catherine Cutler, and Martin Walters, Illustrated Encyclopedia of Trees of the Americas (2005), a guide to more than 500 species native to the Western Hemisphere; Tony Russell, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Trees of Britain & Europe (2005), which includes more than 700 species and 500 illustrations and photographs; Margaret Barwick, Tropical & Subtropical Trees: An Encyclopedia (2004), a reference source suitable for gardeners and landscaping professionals as well as students of botany, with nearly 2,000 supplementary photographs; and James W. Hardin, Donald J. Leopold, and Fred M. White, Harlow & Harrar’s Textbook of Dendrology, 9th ed. (2001), which even decades after its first publication remains the standard resource of silvicultural information for North American trees.
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
- Thomas H. Everett
-
Lillian M. Weber
Chief Horticulture Assistant to the Senior Horticulture Specialist, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
- Graeme Pierce Berlyn
-
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Add new Web site: Iowa State University Extension and Outreach - Natural Resources - Tree Anatomy 101. | Oct 25, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: Iowa State University Extension and Outreach - Yard and Garden - Tree Planting Basics. | May 09, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: Cell Press - Current Biology - Trees. | Mar 28, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Trees as Nature-Based Solutions. | Dec 13, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Utah State University - Forestry Extension - What is a Tree? | Oct 28, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Pressbooks at Virginia Tech - Tree Steward Manual - Botany of Trees. | Aug 23, 2025 | ||
| Added a cross-reference to pneumatophore and ponderosa pine. Modernized language throughout. Replaced media. | Jul 10, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Oklahoma State University Extension - Planting Trees and Shrubs (PDF). | Mar 03, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: PNAS - The number of tree species on Earth. | Dec 12, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Maryland Extension - Planting a Tree or Shrub. | Jun 20, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Minnesota Extension - Planting and transplanting trees and shrubs. | May 10, 2024 | ||
| Added a cross-reference to Monterey pine. | Oct 24, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Tennessee Extension - Tree Growth Characteristics. | Jun 30, 2023 | ||
| Added a cross-reference to adventitious root. | Apr 26, 2023 | ||
| Link added. | Feb 10, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Montana State University | Extension - What is a Tree? | Sep 21, 2022 | ||
| Media thoroughly revised. | Jun 22, 2021 | ||
| Revised taxonomy and geologic time periods. Added cross-references throughout. | Jun 22, 2021 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Spruce - What is the Difference Between a Tree and a Shrub? | Nov 18, 2019 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Mar 05, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: Colorado State Forest Service - What is a Tree? How Does it Work? | Feb 13, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: Utah State University Forestry Extension - What is a Tree? | Feb 13, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: Science Learning Hub - What is a tree? | Feb 13, 2019 | ||
| Add new Web site: Minnesota Department of Natural Resources - What is a Tree? | Jan 17, 2018 | ||
| Add new Web site: NC State University - College of Agriculture and Life Science - Tree Facts. | Dec 20, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Science Kids - Fun, Science and Technology for Kids! - Tree Facts for Kids. | Aug 09, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: Arbor Day Foundation - Life of a Tree. | Aug 09, 2016 | ||
| Video describing the ways in which various trees cope with extreme conditions and seasonal weather changes added. | Nov 20, 2015 | ||
| Added video. | May 08, 2015 | ||
| Media added. | Nov 05, 2012 | ||
| Video discussing the distinguishing features of tulip trees (Liriodendron tulipifera) added. | Aug 14, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: North Carolina State University - Trees. | Jul 19, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: North Carolina State University - Trees. | Jul 19, 2012 | ||
| Deleted photograph. | Mar 19, 2012 | ||
| Add new Web site: How Stuff Works - Science - Tree. | Jan 18, 2011 | ||
| Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - Science - Tree. | Jan 29, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: British Broadcasting Corporation - Biography of Captain James Cook. | Sep 12, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Buzzle.com - Biography of James Cook. | Aug 11, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: The University of Adelaide - "The Virginians". | Aug 11, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Poetry Foundation - Biography of Ina Coolbrith. | Aug 11, 2008 | ||
| Media added. | Oct 30, 2007 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Jul 08, 2007 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Jun 27, 2007 | ||
| Bibliography revised and updated. | Jun 27, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: INSPIRE - The Indiana Virtual Library - What Tree Is It? | Sep 15, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Cornell University - Gardening Resources. | Jun 14, 2006 | ||
| Article revised. | Feb 16, 2001 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 20, 1998 |
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