Frullania

Frullania is a genus of leafy liverworts, which are nonvascular plants belonging to the division Marchantiophyta. These plants typically have a prostrate, horizontal growth form with leaflike structures arranged spirally around a stem. They are commonly found in moist environments such as damp forests, swamps, and bogs, often growing on decaying logs or soil.12

Leafy liverworts exhibit alternation of generations, with a dominant gametophyte stage. The gametophyte can be either dioecious (having separate male and female individuals) or monoecious (having both reproductive structures on one individual). The sporophyte, which develops from the fertilized egg, remains dependent on the gametophyte for nutrients and water. The sporophyte produces spores within a capsule, which are then released to germinate into new gametophytes.1