Why are earthquakes and volcanic eruptions major hazards in Guatemala?

Guatemala is highly susceptible to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions because it is situated in a geologically active region where multiple tectonic plates converge and exert significant pressure on one another. Specifically, the Cocos Plate is being subducted beneath Central America.12

This tectonic activity creates two primary hazards:

• Earthquakes: As these plates move, they can suddenly rupture and slip, releasing massive amounts of energy in the form of earthquakes. This seismic activity has historically caused significant destruction to cities like Antigua Guatemala and Guatemala City.13
• Volcanic Eruptions: The subduction process generates magma that rises to the surface, fueling the country's extensive volcanic activity. Southern Guatemala is dominated by a chain of 27 volcanoes, including continuously active ones like Fuego and Pacaya.45

Because the majority of the population and major cities are concentrated in these volcanic highlands and the Pacific slope, these natural hazards have repeatedly taken a heavy toll on life and property.5