Which eastern Mediterranean kingdoms did Rome defeat after the Punic Wars?

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Following the Punic Wars, Rome systematically expanded its influence and military control across the eastern Mediterranean by defeating several major Hellenistic powers.

  • Macedonia: Rome fought four conflicts known as the Macedonian Wars. After defeating King Philip V at the Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BCE) and his successor Perseus at the Battle of Pydna (168 BCE), Rome eventually annexed Macedonia as a province in 146 BCE following the suppression of a rebellion.12
  • The Seleucid Empire: Rome defeated the Seleucid king Antiochus III at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE). The subsequent Treaty of Apamea (188 BCE) forced the empire to cede its territories in Anatolia. The empire continued to decline until it was formally conquered by Rome in 64 BCE.13
  • The Achaean League: Following tensions over Greek independence, Rome declared war on the Achaean League in 146 BCE. After defeating the league's forces, Rome destroyed the city of Corinth and disbanded the Greek leagues.1
  • Pergamum: While not defeated in a traditional war of conquest, the kingdom of Pergamum became a Roman client state following its alliance against the Seleucids. In 133 BCE, King Attalus III bequeathed his kingdom to Rome, which then organized it into the province of Asia.14

Additionally, Rome exerted increasing control over Ptolemaic Egypt, eventually annexing it following the defeat of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE.5