What building materials are used in the Sudanic architecture of Mali?

In the Sudanic architecture of Mali, which is notably well-developed in the Niger valley, the primary building materials consist of mud bricks, stones, and a small amount of wood.1

This architectural style is famously expressed in the historic multistoried houses and mosques found in cities such as Djenné and Timbuktu, as well as in the Tomb of Askia in Gao. These structures reflect a long-standing tradition of using earth-based materials, which are characteristic of many building practices across the region.12