Upper Silesia

region, Europe

Also known as: Opole-Racibórz

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July 14, 2026

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Upper Silesia is a historical region located in southwestern Poland, with parts extending into Germany and the Czech Republic. Originally a Polish province, it has been under the control of various powers, including Bohemia, the Habsburgs, Prussia, and eventually Poland after World War II.1

The region is characterized by the basin of the Oder River and is bordered by mountain ranges. Historically, it was inhabited by Slavic peoples, and its development was significantly influenced by German immigration, particularly in mining and industry.1

Following World War I, Upper Silesia was divided between Poland and Germany after a plebiscite and subsequent uprisings. This division impacted its industrial output, with Poland gaining the resource-rich southeastern part. Today, Silesia is a highly industrialized area, rich in coal, zinc, and lead, making it a vital economic region for Poland, though industrialization has led to significant environmental pollution. The region also has a distinct cultural identity, with a recognized Silesian minority and dialect.12

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Opolskie
History
…the duchy of Opole-Racibórz (Upper Silesia). During the rule of the “Silesian Henries” (1202–41), a number of Germans settled in the duchy of Opole-Racibórz. It was a time of economic prosperity, and Opole, Nysa, and Brzeg developed as trade centres. In the 14th century the duchy of Opole-Racibórz split…
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…the duchy of Opole-Racibórz (Upper Silesia). During the rule of the “Silesian Henries” (1202–41), a number of Germans settled in the duchy of Opole-Racibórz. It was a time of economic prosperity, and Opole, Nysa, and Brzeg developed as trade centres. In the 14th century the duchy of Opole-Racibórz split…
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Poland
From the Treaty of Versailles to the Treaty of Riga
…Second Partition but also including Upper Silesia and parts of East Prussia transferred from Germany in the west. France favoured strengthening Poland at Germany’s expense, but Britain opposed that approach. Wilson occupied a middle position.
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…Second Partition but also including Upper Silesia and parts of East Prussia transferred from Germany in the west. France favoured strengthening Poland at Germany’s expense, but Britain opposed that approach. Wilson occupied a middle position.
Read More