Lanzhou

Lanzhou, city, capital of Gansu sheng (province), west-central China. It is situated in the southeastern portion of the province on the upper course of the Huang He (Yellow River), where the river emerges from the mountains. Lanzhou has been a center since early times, being at the southern end of the route leading via the Gansu (Hexi) Corridor across Central Asia; it also commands the approaches to the ancient capital area of Chang’an (what is now Xi’an) in Shaanxi province from both the west and the northwest, as well as from the area of Koko Nor (Qinghai Hu) via the upper waters of the Huang He and its tributaries. Pop. (2002 est.) city, 1,576,446; (2007 est.) urban agglom., 2,561,000; (2020) city 3,012,577.

History

Originally in the territory of the Xi (Western) Qiang peoples, Lanzhou became part of the territory of Qin in the 6th century bce. Under the Han dynasty (206 bce–220 ce), it became the seat of Jincheng xian (county) in 81 bce and later of Jincheng jun (commandery); the county was renamed Yunwu. In the 4th century it was briefly the capital of the independent state of Qian (Former) Liang. The Bei (Northern) Wei dynasty (386–534/535) reestablished Jincheng commandery and renamed the county Zicheng.

Under the Sui dynasty (581–618) the city became the seat of Lanzhou prefecture for the first time, retaining this name under the Tang dynasty (618–907). In 763 the area was overrun by the Tibetans, and it was then recovered by the Tang in 843. Later it fell into the hands of the Xi (Western) Xia (Tangut) dynasty (which flourished in Ningxia from 1038 to 1227) and was subsequently recovered by the Song dynasty (960–1127) in 1041, who reestablished the name Lanzhou. After 1127 it fell into the hands of the Jin (Juchen) dynasty (1115–1234), and after 1235 it came into the possession of the Mongols. Under the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) the prefecture was demoted to the status of a county and placed under the administration of Lintao superior prefecture, but in 1477 Lanzhou was reestablished as a political unit. In 1739 the seat of Lintao was transferred to Lanzhou, which was later made a superior prefecture also called Lanzhou. When Gansu became a separate province in 1666, Lanzhou became its capital.

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The city was badly damaged during the rising of Gansu Muslims in 1864–75; in the 1920s and ’30s it became a center of Soviet influence in northwestern China. During the Sino-Japanese War (1937–45) Lanzhou, linked with Xi’an by highway in 1935, became the terminus of the 2,000-mile (3,200-km) Chinese-Soviet highway, used as a route for Soviet supplies destined for the Xi’an area. This highway remained the chief traffic artery of northwestern China until the completion of a railway from Lanzhou to Ürümqi in the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang. During the war Lanzhou was heavily bombed by the Japanese.

The contemporary city

Since 1949 Lanzhou has been transformed from the capital of a poverty-stricken province into the center of a major industrial area. It has become a center of the country’s petrochemical industry and has a large refinery linked by pipeline to the oil fields at Yumen in western Gansu; it also manufactures equipment for the oil industry. In addition the city produces locomotives and rolling stock for the northwestern railways, as well as machine tools and mining equipment. Aluminum products, industrial chemicals, and fertilizers are produced on a large scale, as are rubber products. Copper is mined in nearby Gaolan.

Lanzhou remains the collecting center and market for agricultural produce and livestock from a wide area. It has a textile industry, particularly noted for the production of woolens. Leather goods are also produced. In addition since the 1960s Lanzhou has been the center of China’s nuclear power industry. There is a thermal-power-generating plant supplied with coal from fields in Qinghai, and there are several hydroelectric-power stations in the Lanzhou area, including the installation at the Liujiaxia Gorge on the Huang He, above the city.

Lanzhou, one of the major points on the ancient Silk Road, is situated near China’s geographical center and is an important hub of land communications. The Longhai Railway line had been extended northwestward to Lanzhou from Tianshui by 1953. Later Lanzhou was linked with Beijing via Baotou in Inner Mongolia. Lines have also been constructed northwest to Ürümqi and westward into Qinghai province via Xining and Haiyan (on Koko Nor) to Golmud and (since 2006) from there southward to Lhasa in the Tibet Autonomous Region. In addition, expressways have been built to Xining and northeast to Yinchuan in the Hui Autonomous Region of Ningxia. Lanzhou’s airport, located north of the city, has service to a number of Chinese cities.

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The city is the cultural center of Gansu and the seat of Lanzhou University (founded 1909). The Northwest Minorities University, the Northwest Normal University, and a number of scientific institutes are also located there. The caves and grottoes of Bingling Temple, southwest of the city, are filled with Buddhist statuary, and the site is a popular tourist destination.