Île-de-France

Île-de-France, région of France encompassing the north-central départements of Val-d’Oise, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-Saint-Denis, Ville-de-Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Val-de-Marne, Essonne, and Yvelines. Île-de-France is bounded by the régions of Hauts-de-France to the north, Grand Est to the east, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the southeast, Centre to the south, and Normandy to the northwest. The capital is Paris. Area 4,637 square miles (12,011 square km). Pop. (1999) 10,952,011; (2014 est.) 12,027,565.

Geography

The région lies in the centre of the Paris Basin and consists of limestone plains with a gently rolling relief. The principal rivers are the Seine and its tributaries—the Marne, Oise, and Aisne.

Île-de-France is the most densely populated région in France. In the century between 1850 and 1950, when most areas of France were losing population, Paris attracted migrants from all over the country, as well as a large number of immigrants. Île-de-France had a fourfold growth in population between 1850 and 1968. Since the 1960s, natural increase has remained strong, because of the région’s youthful population, but growth has slowed, largely as a result of migrational loss. There has been an internal redistribution in the région as people have moved from the congestion and expense of the inner districts of the capital to the outer suburbs and adjacent small towns where housing costs are lower and jobs have been relocated or created. Many of the communes belonging to Île-de-France are still classified as rural despite their proximity to Paris.

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The région’s fertile loams support the cultivation of wheat, corn (maize), barley, sunflowers, rapeseed, legumes, and sugar beets. Fruit, vegetables, and flowers are also grown. In Val-d’Oise between Pontoise and Montmorency, mushrooms are grown on a large scale in limestone caves. Owing to the great urban sprawl of Paris, agriculture is concentrated in the outer areas of Île-de-France, particularly in the département of Seine-et-Marne. In general, farm holdings are large, highly mechanized, and produce high yields, yet they employ only a very small percentage of the workforce.

Île-de-France dominates economic activity in France, despite successive attempts to encourage businesses in other parts of the country. The région is the country’s preeminent decision-making centre, in both the public and private sectors. It remains a major industrial hub, although employment is concentrated overwhelmingly in the service sector. In industry, major activities include printing and publishing; food processing; and the manufacturing of electrical and electronic goods, automobiles, pharmaceuticals, and mechanical products. Industry is not spread equally throughout. The centre of the région has lost most of its industries, and inner suburbs in Seine-Saint-Denis, Val-de-Marne, and Hauts-de-Seine have experienced factory closures. As a result, industry has become concentrated in the outer urban areas and especially in the five new towns developed since the 1960s: Évry, Marne-la-Vallée, Sénart, Cergy-Pontoise, and Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.

Office-based employment predominates in the centre and inner suburbs, especially to the west, in the département of Hauts-de-Seine. In Essonne, around Saclay and Orsay, many higher education and research facilities have been established, with the région accounting for more than 40 percent of France’s employment in this field. Île-de-France is renowned for the large number of corporate headquarters located both in Paris and in the business district known as La Défense, just west of Neuilly.

The région is a major tourist destination for international visitors. Of historical interest are the châteaus of Versailles, Mantes-la-Jolie, Rambouillet, Fontainebleau, Vaux-le-Vicomte, and Champs. A large Disneyland theme park in Marne-la-Vallée also is a significant tourist draw.

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Île-de-France is the focus of France’s various communications networks. Apart from its numerous motorways and rail links, it has a series of port zones along the Seine and Marne. Within the région the central areas of Paris are served by the Métro (underground railway), while a newer express line (Réseau Express Régional; RER) extends into the Parisian suburbs. There are two international airports, Charles de Gaulle and Orly.

History

The area around Paris was originally known as Francia, from which the name of France was derived. Under the Merovingians (476–750), Francia meant the region between the Rhine and the Seine rivers; it was restricted under the Carolingians to the country bounded by the Aisne, Oise, and Seine rivers. In the 10th and 11th centuries it signified only the territory limited by the Seine, the Marne, the Beuvronne, the Oise, and the Nonette. It was from the nucleus of this territory that Hugh Capet, who became king of France in 987, and his successors consolidated the authority of the monarchy and thereby created the modern French state.

In the Middle Ages, île (“island”) often designated areas more or less bounded by rivers but was not given specifically to “France” before 1387. The name is not found in written documents before 1429. In the second half of the 15th century, however, it designated a wide military province of government, bounded on the north by Picardy, the west by Normandy, the south by Orléanais and Nivernais, and the east by Champagne. Its capital was Paris.

In the 16th century the gouvernement of Île-de-France was constituted under a gouverneur, or a lieutenant of the king. In the 18th century it was divided between the généralités, or intendances, of Paris and Soissons. During the French Revolution, Île-de-France was divided into départements. At the end of the 20th century, the régions and their corresponding départements served similar administrative functions.