How was the doge of Venice chosen?

The process for choosing the doge of Venice evolved significantly over the centuries as the city’s political structure shifted from a more open system to an entrenched oligarchy.

• Early Methods: In the early period, doges were often chosen through popular election, though this process was frequently subject to abuse during times of civil strife. Following the collapse of family faction rule in the 11th century, Doge Domenico Flabanico restored the people's right to elect the doge, though in practice, this "popular" vote was restricted to a select group of nobles and residents of the Rialto.12
• The Oligarchic System: As the Venetian constitution matured, the selection process became highly formalized to prevent any single family or individual from seizing absolute power. By the 14th century, the Great Council—which had become a closed, hereditary body—was responsible for the election.3
• System of Lot: To ensure impartiality and prevent corruption, the doge was chosen from among the ruling families using an extremely elaborate system of lot. This complex mechanism was designed to minimize the influence of factional politics in the selection of the "Most Serene Prince".3