How did Napoleon bring an end to the Venetian Republic in 1797?

Napoleon Bonaparte brought an end to the Venetian Republic in 1797 by leveraging military pressure and political maneuvering during his Italian campaign. Determined to dismantle the Venetian oligarchy, Napoleon used the pretext that Venice was hostile to his forces and a threat to his lines of retreat during his campaign against Austria.1

Following the Peace of Leoben, which left Venice without allies, Napoleon forced the deposition of the last doge, Ludovico Manin, on May 12, 1797. A provisional democratic municipality was initially established to replace the republican government. However, the republic's 1,100-year independence ultimately concluded with the Treaty of Campo Formio in October 1797. In this settlement, Napoleon partitioned Venetian territory, ceding the city of Venice and lands east of the Adige River to Austria in exchange for other territorial gains.12